GRAMMAR

THE RULES OF THE LANGUAGE

ALL LANUAGES HAVE RULES ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT WORDS HAVE TO BE USED TOGETHER SO THAT PEOPLE CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER BETTER WHEN THEY TALK OR WRITE INFORMATION.

 

THESE RULES ARE CALLED GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION. (THE MARKS USED FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF WRITTEN WORDS).

 

YOU CAN LEARN HOW TO USE THE GRAMMATICAL RULES BY TALKING AND LISTENING TO PEOPLE WHO CAN TEACH THEM WITHOUT LEARNING THEIR NAMES.

 

IF YOU WANT TO CONTINUE LEARNING ENGLISH ON A HIGHER LEVEL OR LEARN HOW TO WRITE IN ENGLISH, YOU CAN START BY LEARNING THE WORDS (TERMS) THAT ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE RULES.

 

SENTENCES ARE THE CORRECT WAY OF PUTTING THE WORDS TOGETHER.

 

THERE ARE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF WORDS THAT ARE USED FOR MAKING A SENTENCE. THESE GROUPS ARE:

 

A NOUN IS THE WORD FOR A PERSON, A PLACE, A THING OR AN IDEA.

 

A VERB IS A WORD FOR AN ACTION (GO, PLAY, LEARN, READ, WRITE)

 

ADVERBIALS ARE WORDS DESCRIBING A NOUN OR A VERB IN THE -LY FORM. SHE IS HAPPILY RUNNING. SHE IS A FRIENDLY GIRL. FRIENDLY IS THE ADVERBIAL.

I HAVE A SISTER.

SHE IS A FUNNY GIRL.

MY SISTER MAKES ME LAUGH.
NOUN: SUBJECT  VERB PRONOUN OBJECT

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB
      OBJECT      
      SUBJECT      

 

 

THE GIRLS WERE HAPPIEST READING THE BOOK THAT THEY FOUND.

 

OR

 

THE GIRLS WERE HAPPILY READING THE BOOK THAT THEY FOUND.

 

 

THE GIRLS AND THE BOOK ARE BOTH NOUNS. THERE ARE TWO KINDS:

  • THE SUBJECT IS THE FIRST NOUN THAT IS ACTIVE - GIRLS : THEY
  • THE OBJECT IS THE SECOND NOUN - BOOK : THAT

 

ADJECTIVES ARE WORDS DESCRIBING A NOUN OR A VERB LIKE SILLY, HAPPY, SUNNY. THEY CAN BE PUT IN THREE STEPS: FUNNY, FUNNIER, FUNNIEST ARE ADJECTIVES. SHE IS THE FUNNIEST GIRL.

 

A PRONOUN IS A WORD THAT REPLACES THE NOUN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT IT AGAIN IN THE SENTENCE OR LATER IN ANOTHER SENTENCE.

 

THE SAME SENTENCE WITHOUT PRENOUNS WOULD BE:

 

THE GIRLS WERE HAPPY READING THE BOOK, THE BOOK THE GIRLS FOUND TODAY.

 

YOU COULD ALSO CHANGE IT LIKE THIS:

 

THE GIRLS WERE HAPPY READING THE BOOK, THEY FOUND IT TODAY.

 

READING THE BOOK THAT THEY FOUND, IS SOMETHING THAT MAKES THE GIRLS HAPPY.

 

THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT WAYS TO REPLACE NOUNS WITH PRONOUNS. (?)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT I YOU SHE HE IT WE YOU THEY
OBJECT ME YOU HER HIM IT US YOU THEM
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
  MINE YOURS HERS HIS ITS OURS YOURS THEIRS
  THIS THAT THOSE THESE        
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
  THIS THAT THOSE THESE        
INDEFINATE PRONOUNS:
SOMEBODY SOMEONE SOMETHING
ANYBODY ANYONE ANYTHING
NOBODY NO ONE NOTHING
EVERYBODY EVERYONE EVERYTHING
  POSSESIVE PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS
SUBJECT WHOSE WHO WHICH THAT
OBJECT WHOSE WHO | WHOM WHICH THAT

 

A FULL LIST IS AVAILABLE FROM THE BRITISH COUNCIL- GO TO WEBSITE.

 

VERBS (?) ARE ACTIONS THAT CAN BE CHANGED INTO DIFFERENT FORMS (?) WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THINGS THAT HAPPEN AT DIFFERENT TIMES USING TENSES. (?) VERBS ARE ALSO CHANGED FOR TALKING TO AND ABOUT DIFFERENT THINGS AND PEOPLE.

 

HOW TO CHANGE THE VERB HAVE IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT,- PAST AND FUTURE TENSE WHEN YOU TALK:

THE SIMPLE FUTURE USES THE

 

  • TO SOMEONE DIRECTLY – YOU HAVE - HAD - HAVE
  • TO A GROUP DIRECTLY – WE HAVE - HAD - HAVE
  • ABOUT YOURSELF – I HAVE - I HAD - I HAVE
  • ABOUT PEOPLE INDIRECTLY – SHE | HE | IT | HAS - HAD - HAVE
  • ABOUT A GROUP INDIRECTLY – THEY HAVE - HAD - HAVE

 

TIME PERIODS:

 

IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (?) VERBS DON'T CHANGE MUCH:

I LEARN A LOT IN SCHOOL EVERYDAY

 

USING THE -ING FORM OF THE VERB LEARN WITH PRIMARY HELPER VERBS TO CHANGE THE TENSE:

 

I AM LEARNING A LOT TODAY | EVERYDAY

I HAVE BEEN LEARNING A LOT IN SCHOOL EVERYDAY

 

USING THE -ED FORM OF THE VERB: I HAVE LEARNED A LOT IN SCHOOL TODAY | EVERYDAY

 

 

IN THE SIMPLE PAST YOU CAN ALSO USE THE -ED FORM OF THE VERB:

I LEARNED A LOT IN SCHOOL YESTERDAY | LAST YEAR

I HAD NOT LEARNED A LOT IN SCHOOL BY THIS TIME LAST YEAR

 

AND USING THE -ING FORM OF THE VERB: I WAS LEARNING A LOT IN SCHOOL LAST YEAR | YESTERDAY

I HAD BEEN LEARNING A LOT IN SCHOOL BY THE END OF LAST YEAR

 

 

WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE YOU CAN USE THE PRESENT TENSES:

I AM LEARNING A LOT AT SCHOOL TODAY | EVERYDAY

I AM LEARNING A LOT AT SCHOOL TOMORROW

 

USING THE HELPER VERB WILL:

I WILL LEARN A LOT IN SCHOOL TODAY

I WILL LEARN A LOT IN SCHOOL NEXT YEAR

 

USING THE VERB GOING TO:

I AM GOING TO LEARN ENGLISH IN SCHOOL TODAY

I AM GOING TO LEARN ENGLISH IN SCHOOL NEXT YEAR

 

THE HELPER VERBS OR AUXILARY VERBS (?) HAVE, BE, DO CAN BE ALSO BE USED AS MAIN VERBS: I MUST HAVE DONE A LOT OF LEARNING IN SCHOOL 10 YEARS AGO

 

THE OTHER AUXILARY VERBS; CAN, WILL, MUST, SHALL, OUGHT, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, SHOULD AND WOULD CANNOT BE USED ALONE AS A MAIN VERB.

THEY NEED TO BE USED WITH OTHER HELPER VERBS (HAVE, BE, DO) OR MAIN VERBS: CAN LEARN, COULD WRITE, OUGHT TO READ...

 

IF YOU CAN'T BE SURE ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE SAYING, YOU SHOULD USE THE AUXILARY VERBS: MAY, MIGHT, COULD, SHOULD AND WOULD.

 

THIS IS CALLED CONDITIONAL:

PRESENT: I COULD LEARN A LOT AT SCHOOL TODAY IF...

FUTURE: I COULD LEARN A LOT AT SCHOOL TOMORROW IF...

PAST: I COULD HAVE LEARNED A LOT AT SCHOOL THIS YEAR IF...

 

VERBS:

TO BE

 

TO GO

 

TO HAVE

I

AM

 

GO

 

HAVE

YOU

ARE

 

GO

 

HAVE

WE

ARE

 

GO

 

HAVE

SHE/HE

IS

 

GOES

 

HAS

 

MANY WORDS ARE THE SAME FOR DIFFERENT PRONOUNS IN THE PRESENT TENSE.

 

THIS SHOWS HOW WE CHANGE THE VERB TO GO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE SIMPLE PAST,- PRESENT,- AND FUTURE.

 

SIMPLE

 I GO

 

YOU GO

 

WE GO

 

THEY GO

 

SHE GOES

 

HE GOES

 

IT GOES

 

 

PAST

WENT

 

WENT

 

WENT

 

WENT

 

WENT

 

WENT

 

WENT

PRESENT

GO

 

GO

 

GO

 

GO

 

GOES

 

GOES

 

GOES

FUTURE

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

 

(AM) GOING

MANY COMBINATIONS FOR TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE ARE ACTUALLY USING THE PRESENT TENSE AGAIN.

BUT THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TALKING ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE DOING NOW (I AM GOING) AND WHAT YOU DO EVERYDAY. IF YOU DO SOMETHING EVERYDAY FOR A LONG TIME THEN IT IS IN THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.

 

EXAMPLE:

WE ARE GOING TO GET ORANGES FROM THE MARKET. NOT: WE GO TO GET ORANGES FROM THE MARKET

 

WE GO TO THE MARKET EVERY DAY. NOT: WE ARE GOING TO THE MARKET EVERYDAY.

 

WHEN WE CHANGE THE TIME AND THE SITUATION, WE HAVE TO CHANGE THE WORDS AND SOMETIMES USE THEM WITH OTHER WORDS TO SHOW OUR POSITION IN THE SITUATION.

 

THE VERBS: WILL, WOULD, SHALL, SHOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT AND MUST CANNOT BE MAIN VERBS ALONE, THEY ARE CALLED HELPING VERBS OR AUXILIARY VERBS.

 

THEY ARE OFTEN USED WHEN DESCRIBING THE PAST OR WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN FUTURE OR MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED IN THE PAST.

 

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