GLOSSARY

BASIC GUIDE TO WORDS USED TO TALK ABOUT GRAMMAR

 

ADJECTIVE - A WORD THAT DESCRIBES SOMETHING IN THREE DIFFERENT STEPS: THE BASIC FORM: HE IS HAPPY; COMPARATIVE FORM: SHE HAPPIER THAN HE IS AND THE HIGHEST FORM: SHE IS THE HAPPIEST. SHE WAS HAPPY, NOW SHE IS THE HAPPIEST. HE IS HAPPIER THAN HE WAS BEFORE.

 

ADVERBIAL - A WORD THAT DESCRIBES SOMETHING WITH ONLY ONE STEP AND USES THE -LY FORM AT THE END OF THE ADJECTIVE. LIKE HAPPY BECOMES HAPPILY. TO QUANTIFY ADVERBIALS: SHE IS THE MOST HAPPY, HE IS MORE HAPPY THAN BEFORE, SHE IS JUST AS MUCH HAPPY AS HE IS, SHE SHE IS LESS HAPPY THAN SHE WAS.

 

ADJECTIVE     ADVERB

SAD               SADLY - THE SADDEST WALK - THE BOY WALKS SADLY

NICE              NICELY - A NICE PRESENT - A PRESENT MADE NICELY

HAPPY            HAPPILY - THE GIRL IS HAPPY RUNNING - SHE RUNS HAPPILY

 

EXCEPTIONS:

 

GOOD              WELL - SHE IS A GOOD LEARNER - SHE LEARNS WELL

HARD               HARD - HE IS A HARD WORKER - HE WORKS HARD

FAST                FAST - IT IS A FAST RUNNER - IT RUNS FAST

 

ARTICLES - ARE THE WORDS BEFORE A NOUN: THE, A AND AN - THE HORSE, A HORSE, AN OLIVE, AN APPLE, AN IPOD, AN EXAM, AN UNHAPPY HORSE.

 

AUXILIARY VERB - IS A VERB THAT CANNOT BE A MAIN VERB ALONE, LIKE WILL, WOULD, SHALL, SHOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT AND MUST.

 

CONJUGATED VERB - A VERB THAT HAS BEEN CHANGED BECAUSE OF THE TIME YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT OR THE THINGS AND PEOPLE. TO BE: SHE IS HERE, SHE WAS HERE, SHE WILL BE HERE.

 

CONJUNCTION - ARE WORDS THAT CONNECT PARTS OF THE SENTENCE TOGETHER LIKE AND, BUT, AS, BECAUSE, OTHERWISE.

 

PRESENT CONTINUOUS - FOR TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING THAT IS STILL HAPPENING NOW, BY USING THE VERB BE BEFORE THE MAIN VERB, LIKE: I AM LIVING WITH MY FRIENDS.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT IS: I LIVE WITH MY FRIENDS.

 

IMPERITIVE - THIS IS WHEN PEOPLE SHOUT OR GIVE INFORMATION AS AN ORDER: STOP! OR STAY ON THE PATH! OR PRIVATE!

 

AND AFTER SOME VERBS LIKE: AGREE, CHOOSE, FORGET, HOPE, LEARN, PROMISE, WANT: I LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH AT SCHOOL.

 

AND AFTER THE WORDS: NEXT, AFTER: WAS GALILEO THE FIRST PERSON TO THINK THAT THE EARTH IS ROUND?

 

NOUN - A WORD FOR PEOPLE, PLACES, THINGS AND IDEAS. THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF NOUN:

 

COMMON NOUNS: WORDS FOR A GENERAL GROUP OF NOUNS: SISTER, TOWN, PAINTING, HONESTY.

 

PROPER NOUNS: WORDS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL NAMES OF PEOPLE, PLACES, THINGS AND IDEAS IN THE GENERAL GROUPS.

 

HANNAH IS MY SISTER AND SHE LIVES IN THE CITY LONDON.

Hannah is my sister and she lives in the city London.

 

PAST PARTICIBLE - IS USED WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING THAT STARTED IN THE PAST BUT CONTINUES UNTIL NOW OR INTO THE FUTURE.

 

HAS/HAVE (NOT) + PAST PARTICIBLE

 

PRESENT PERFECT - USES THE WORD HAVE BEFORE THE VERB = YOU HAVE BEEN (VERB) HERE BEFORE: I HAVE HAD A GOOD DAY.

 

PLURAL - PLURAL IS WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT MORE THAN ONE OF SOMETHING. I HAVE EIGHT APPLES, THEY ARE A GROUP.

 

PRONOUN - A WORD THAT REPLACES THE NOUN LATER IN THE SAME,- OR IN A NEW SENTENCE. THIS HAPPENS WHEN WE WANT TO REFER TO THE NOUN WITHOUT USING IT'S NAME. IF YOU ARE STANDING ON YOUR STREET YOU CAN SAY: THIS IS MY STREET.

 

EACH DIFFERENT GROUP OF NOUNS HAS A SET OF PRONOUNS. THEY ARE ALSO USED TO TALK ABOUT NOUNS THAT ARE NOT THERE OR COULD BE ONE OF MANY OTHERS (INDEFINATE).

 

PREPOSITION - THE WORDS THAT TELL YOU WHERE SOMETHING IS: LIKE THE WORDS: AFTER, ABOVE, BEHIND, BEFORE, DURING, UNDER

ABOVE, BEHIND, UNDER  PLACE: ON THE TRAIN AND

AFTER, BEFORE, DURING = TIME: AT 8:00 IN THE MORNING

WORDS LIKE: ON, IN, AT, OVER, SINCE, BY, FROM, OUT OF, ABOUT

 

REPORTED SPEECH - REFERS TO THINGS THAT SOMEONE ELSE SAID: SHE SAID THAT SHE WORKS AT AN OFFICE.

 

SENTENCE - THE CORRECT GROUPS OF WORDS USING PHRASES AND CLAUSES, EXAMPLE:

A BLIND BOY ALMOST LOST HIS HAT IN LONDON WHEN HE LEFT IT ON THE TRAIN AT 8:00 IN THE MORNING.

 

CLAUSES: {A BLIND BOY ALMOST LOST HIS HAT IN LONDON} {WHEN HE LEFT IT ON THE TRAIN AT 8:00 IN THE MORNING}

 

PHRASES: {A BLIND BOY} {ALMOST LOST} {HIS HAT IN LONDON} {WHEN} {HE} {LEFT} {IT} {ON THE TRAIN IN THE MORNING}

 

TO-INFINITIVE - IS WHEN WE USE A VERB WITH "TO" IN FRONT OF IT. "TO BE" AND IT IS USED AFTER ADJECTIVES: I'M HAPPY TO BE HERE.

 

QUANTIFER - REFERS TO THE QUANTITY OF WHAT YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT. THERE ARE DIFFERENT RULES FOR DIFFERENT REFERENCES:

  • A LOT OF/LOTS OF : A LOT OF COMPUTERS ARE NEEDED AT SCHOOLS
  • EACH, EVERY: EACH/EVERY TIME I GO TO WORK I FEEL HAPPY
  • MUCH/MANY - A LITTLE/ A FEW: THERE IS MUCH TIME - LITTLE TIME

                                                        THERE ARE MANY HOURS - FEW HOURS

  • SOME/ANY - HAVE YOU GOT SOME APPLES? - NO, WE HAVEN'T GOT ANY
  • SOMETHING/ANYTHING - IS THERE SOMETHING TO LEARN HERE?

                                              HAVE YOU LEARNED ANYTHING HERE?

 

VERB - WORDS THAT COMMUNICATE ACTIONS, EVERYTHING THAT CAN BE DONE, THAT DESCRIBES WHAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING DID.

 

THEY HAVE TO BE CHANGED WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT DIFFERENT PEOPLE (HE OR THEY OR YOU) AND FOR DIFFERENT TIMES WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENED, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.

 

WHEN WE ARE NOT SURE AND WE USE WORDS LIKE: IF, COULD AND MIGHT, IT IS THE CONDITIONAL TENSE.

 

BASIC: TO LEARN: I LEARN ENGLISH IN THE INTERNET

THE -ING FORM: I AM LEARNING ENGLISH IN THE INTERNET

THE PAST TENSE: I LEARNED ENGLISH IN THE INTERNET

THE PAST PARTICIPLE: I HAVE LEARNED ENGLISH IN THE INTERNET

 

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